Philosophical aspects of science

PHILOSOPHICAL  ASPECTS 

OF SCIENCE

Philosophy is a Greek word. In here Philo means love and Sophia means wisdom. Therefore the meaning of the word philosophy is the love of wisdom. Simply we can say philosophy is the study of thinking. 

We learned many topics under the philosophy of science. such as, Introduction to philosophy, The way to argue, learning, Testimony, ethics ,Race, ethnicity and culture, Gender justice, scientific explanation.

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY

There are four main branches of philosophy. They are,

•  logic
•  axiology
•  epistemology
•  metaphysics

Logic means reasoning. In axiology is the branch that considers the study of principles and values. Epistemology discusses how people come to learn what they know. Metaphysics is a branch that discusses the universe and the nature of ultimate reality. Philosophers are the people who offer views or theories on philosophy and studying philosophy. Plato, Aristotle, Rene Descartes are some famous philosophers. Lord Buda also can be considered as a philosopher.

Under philosophy, we study the nature of knowledge, reality, existence, and logic. Is philosophy the same as science or they are different? Philosophy is based on thinking and reasoning. And science is based on the scientific method. In the scientific method, we look for reasons based on observations. To get a conclusion, we have to do experiments as well as we have to think while reasoning. By considering that fact we can get the idea that there is a connection between science and philosophy.

                                  THE WAY TO ARGUE

Argument is a set of statements. It include premises and conclusions. The argument has two purposes. They are justification and explanation. Justification and explanation provide reasons. We need a media to make our arguments. It is language. We present our arguments with the help of language. There are three basic features of language. The first one is language is conventional. The second one is the use of language are diverse. The third one is the meaning is conveyed indirectly.

                                  LEARNING

Learning begins at birth. Step by step, we learn to eat, drink, talk, walk and much more. We learn new things day by day. But we cannot remember everything. But we still remember some songs and poems we sang when we were little. We did not study those things with difficulty. Things used in everyday life. There must be a reason for that. Everything we learn first goes into short-term memory. What we learn goes into long-term memory through practicing. Better learning does not always require more effort or more time. Only need is a good method. 

PHILOSOPHY OF TESTIMONY

Testimony has different definitions. In low testimony is an “Oral or written evidence given by a competent witness, under oath, at trial or in an affidavit or deposition.” Christians use the term “to give one's testimony" to mean "to tell the story of how one became a Christian". But in analytical philosophy, expression is used as a label for the process of gaining knowledge or trust, usually by understanding and believing other people's speeches or written records, regardless of setting. Testimony enables the spread of current news, information, people opinions, and gossip throughout a society. In modern society testimony is a major source of faith. It also protects the heritage of our accumulated knowledge and beliefs in history, geography, sciences, and technology.

                                           ethics

 Ethics is a branch of philosophy. It includes the regularization, protection, and recommendation of concepts of right and wrong. What is Ethics and what is not ethics? Different people interpreted ethics in different ways at different times. Some spoke of ethics as about sex, while others spoke of ethics are based on religion. Some say that ethics does not apply to the real world. But ethics is not all of this. Ethics is the discipline of what is morally good and bad and what is morally right and wrong. This term applies to any system or theory of moral values or principles.

RACE, ETHNICITY AND CULTURE

Race, culture and ethnicity are three words that we often hear in our daily lives. Are these words synonyms? No, they are not synonyms. Race and ethnicity are used to classify certain sections of the population. Basically, race describes physical characteristics and ethnicity is cultural identity. Race is something you learn and culture can be identified as something you inherit. Next Racism. We can define it as an evil. Unpleasant thing.

GENDER JUSTICE

Gender justice is a human right. Every woman and girl has the right to live with dignity and freedom without any fear. Understanding it involves the sharing of power and responsibility between men and women at home, in the workplace, and in wider national and international communities

                             SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION

An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects, or phenomena examined. Simply put, a scientific explanation is a way of explaining what we see in the natural world based on observations and measurements. For example, why do objects fall to the ground? We know that it is due to the gravitational force. Ever objects in earth is attracted to the ground because of this force. There are many types of scientific explanations, such as,

• ·        Deductive model explanation
• ·        Probabilistic explanation
• ·        Functional or teleological explanation
• ·        Causal Theories of Explanation