THE WAY TP ARGUE

 

THE WAY TO ARGUE

definition of an argument

An argument is a set of claims or statements. One of the statement is called conclusion and the other one are called premises. Premises offering reasons to believe or accept the conclusion.

Ex: -  

           (P1) - All students in Class A are talented

           (P2) - Asha is in the A class.

            Therefore, Asha is a talented student.

In above example, statements, “All students in Class A are talented” and “Asha is in the A class” are premises. “Asha is a talented student” is the conclusion.

 Standard form of arguments.

We can present our arguments in different way. But there is a standard method to present arguments.in standard form we place claims on a separate lines and the conclusion at the bottom, separated from the claims.

Ex: -  

             (P1) – Black fungus infects people with low     immunity.

             (P2) – Black fungus easily infects corona patients.

             Therefore corona virus lowers the immunity.

Argument markers.

Argument markers are two types, Conclusion markers and Reason markers. Conclusion markers are the words that commonly indicate a conclusion. Reason markers are the words that commonly indicate a premise.

• Conclusion markers –  
•           therefore
•         So
•         Hence
•         Thus
•         It follows that
•         As a result
•         Consequently
• Reason markers –

•        Since
•         If
•         Because
•         From which it follow
•         For this reasons

 

 A valid argument

The following points must be met for an argument to be valid. They are,

   If all the premises are true, the conclusion can’t be false.

   If all logically impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

   The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.                       

An invalid argument.

An argument is invalid if it has the following properties,

If all premises are true, the conclusion can be false.

It is logically possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

The truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of conclusion.

Purposes of argument

      There are two purposes of argument. They are justification and explanation. Justification means giving reasons for confirm someone’s conclusion.

Explanation is the proses or act explain the justification.

The web of language

We need a media to make our arguments. It is language. We present our arguments with the help of language. There are three basic features of language. 

                                  The first one is language is conventional. 

The second one is the use of language are diverse. 

The third one is the meaning is conveyed indirectly.

 

1.    References

1.    Argument - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument
2.    Definition to argument - https://youtu.be/Nq8-  w2BAJkU
3.    Identify premises and conclusions. - https://youtu.be/07mehbgE5jc 
4.   Argument standard form - https://youtu.be/EVpOMUav_uE
5.     validity - https://youtu.be/ePmXbBvXxP8  
6.   Sinnott-Armstrong, W. and Fogelin, R.J., 2014. Cengage Advantage Books: Understanding arguments: An introduction to informal logic. Cengage Learning.

D